Q. Do you have an explanation for where the extra mass to increase the size of the Earth is coming from?
A. Yes. Cosmic material regularly adds extra mass to the Earth as yearly ‘cosmic showers’. But over geological time we know there are ‘cosmic storms’ that must add vast amounts of new material. This cosmic material is transported by geological processes that we observe today (erosion, sediment transport and subduction), into the interior of the Earth where it separates out into lighter and heavier elements. Chapter 5 of my book describes the evidence for this in greater detail.
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Q. You stated in your book that the mass increase of the Expanding Earth was due to cosmic material hitting the Earth. The most common estimate I have found is 30,000 tonnes of cosmic dust per year. Are you really trying to base the entire Expanding Earth “Theory” on such a small mass?
A. No, I’m not basing it on such a small mass. Cosmic material comes in waves every year, so we see ‘meteoroid showers’ at certain times of the year. I believe there must also be ‘cosmic storms’ that occur over geological time, so the amount of material hitting the Earth is much more than we presently recognize. The total amount of cosmic material must be vastly greater spread over geological time.
There are thousands of near-Earth objects in orbits that pass close to the Earth. The Eros asteroid for example has an estimated mass of 6.69 x 10^12 Tonne (that’s 6,690,000,000,000 Tonne), so just one asteroid hitting the Earth is massively more than our current quiet period. We know that galactic rotation must move the Earth and Sun into regions of dense areas of cosmic material similar to the Horsehead Nebula over geological time, so there could easily be several asteroid hits per year at such times adding vast amounts of new cosmic material to the Earth.
This is all discussed in much greater detail in Chapter 5 of my book, Dinosaurs and the Expanding Earth. The Wikipedia web site also has a lot of background information on meteoroid showers, near-Earth objects, Eros asteroid, Galactic rotation, and the Horsehead nebula which might be of interest.
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Q. One primary objection to the Expanding Earth theory is the inability to find an actual increase of Earth's radius by modern measurements. How do you explain this?
A. Over geological time we know there are ‘cosmic storms’ that must add vast amounts of new material to the Earth. But we seem to be in a quiet phase now were the amount of new cosmic material being added is low, so the expansion rate should also be low.
Also, close examination of the various readings from these modern measurements indicates that some data has been removed as unreliable. If all the data is used it does show expansion.
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Q. One primary objection to the Expanding Earth theory is the discovery of evidence for the process of subduction. How do you explain this?
A. Subduction is a vital part of how cosmic material is transferred into the interior of the Earth as discussed in chapter 5 of my book. Material must be subducted at the ocean trenches to add the new cosmic material to the interior of the Earth.
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Q. One primary objection to the Expanding Earth theory is the discovery of evidence that the Earth's mantle is convecting. How do you explain this?
A. Convection is a vital part of how cosmic material is transferred into the interior of the Earth as discussed in chapter 5 of my book. Material must be subducted at the ocean trenches, then sink down until it finally separates as it reaches the core/mantle boundary. The lighter elements rise up towards the mid-oceanic ridges while the heavier elements continue down into the core of the Earth. The diagram ‘Section Through An Expanding Earth’ shown in chapter 5 of my book illustrates how similar this is to the Constant Earth Diameter concept of convection currents.
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Q. Have any calculations been done on on the possible atmospheric make-up of Earth with 1/3 its current gravity?
A. Determining the atmosphere of the Earth 300 million years ago is difficult but I did attempt to do this in Chapter 7 of my book. I examined various lines of evidence that indicated the atmosphere was probably about a tenth to a third of its current atmospheric pressure, due to the reduced gravity, 300 million years ago.
Single celled life had evolved by 3000 million years ago but it took about another 2000 million years before multi-cellular life evolved. This long time scale makes sense if the atmosphere was very tenuous at this time and could only start to support multi-cellular life from about 600 million years ago. Multi-cellular life had evolved in the sea by 500 million years ago but then took another 100 million years to move onto the land. Again this long timescale begins to make sense if the atmosphere was slowly becoming more dense over time as gravity increased.
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Q. Aren’t your ideas without substance and pseudoscientific?
A. Some dissenters of new theories often try to label the ideas unscientific or pseudoscientific in an effort to discredit them. Surprisingly, this seems to be a last ditch attempt by people who are unable to provide any concrete scientific evidence against the ideas. Look through the comments section for some classic examples.
If you examine the concepts presented in my book in detail you will see that all the ideas are based on scientific evidence and reasoning. The hypothesis of a Reduced Gravity Earth, for example, predicts that the scale of life would be larger during the dinosaur’s time and this is in agreement with what we observe. The value of ancient gravity can be calculated using the scale effect concept explained in detail in chapters one and two of my book. The procedure can be replicated to calculate the value of gravity on the ancient Earth, so anyone can verify that the hypothesis predicts exactly the same results using the methods outlined in my book.
